Code F: why the largest aircraft shape a runway debate

A very large four-engine double-deck airliner taking off.
“Emirates Airbus A380-861 A6-EER MUC 2015 04”, © Julian Herzog, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Resized to 1,600 px wide. About this image

Airports are designed around a reference code that sets the size of the aircraft they can handle. Code F is the largest category, for the aircraft with the widest wingspans. An airfield built for it needs wider runways and taxiways, more separation between parallel taxiways and larger stands.

Illustration — not to scale, not the airport design

An aircraft on final approach to a lit runway.

Illustration: Luís de Camões Airport Observatory (original work).

Lisbon airport passengers, and the capacity planned

Million passengers a year

Passengers handled at Humberto Delgado

  1. 31.1*2019
  2. 9.3*2020
  3. 12.22021
  4. 28.2*2022
  5. 33.62023
  6. 35.12024
  7. 36.12025

Projection and planned capacity

  1. 392030, current airport (2024 projection)
  2. 56new airport at opening
  3. 85new airport, long term

published figure * derived from published growth rates projection or design capacity, not traffic

Traffic: INE preliminary data (2021, 2023, 2024) and VINCI Airports (2025). Capacity is what the design is meant to handle, not a traffic forecast. Data as of 18 October 2026, from the linked records. Graphic: Luís de Camões Airport Observatory (original work).

Why it is in the letter

On 28 September 2026 the Government listed, among the airside matters needing more demonstration, ‘the configuration of the runways and taxiway network and its full compatibility with Code F aircraft, capacity and operational flexibility’. It did not say that the design fails the standard; it said ANA has not yet shown that it meets it.

Passenger capacity: different scenarios, not one forecast

Current airport (2024 projection)

May 2024: Humberto Delgado in 203039 million passengers a year

New airport — July 2026 design

July 2026: at opening56 million passengers a year
July 2026: long-term developmentup to 85 million passengers a year

New airport — 2024 strategic scenario (up to four runways)

May 2024 strategic scenario (2050)more than 100 million passengers a year
Do not combine the panels: they come from different analyses with different assumptions. Data as of 18 October 2026, from the linked records. Graphic: Luís de Camões Airport Observatory (original work).

The specifications behind it

The concession contract sets minimum specifications for the new airport. In 2025 the Government accepted that some were out of date. Among ANA’s nine proposed changes were openness to a shorter maximum runway length and wider runway separation to allow triple independent operations — choices that interact with aircraft size.

What we do not know

Runway lengths, widths, spacing and orientation have not been published in the sources we reviewed. Until they are, any map showing runways at Alcochete is a guess. Ours does not draw them.